12+Environmental+Principles+&+the+Greener+Suzuki+Reaction

> It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it has been created. Yes, the reaction yields only 4-phenylphenol. > Synthetic methods should be designed to maximize the incorporation of all materials used in the process into the final product. Atom economy is only 35%, this is lower than desired. > Wherever practicable, synthetic methods should be designed to use and generate substances that possess little or no toxicity to human health and the environment. No, 4-phenylphenol is toxic to aquatic organism and may cause long term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. > Chemical products should be designed to effect their desired function while minimizing their toxicity. Structural derivatives of 4-phenylphenol include Diflunisal marketed under the name Dolobid, a NSAID. Pure 4-phenylphenol has been noticed as an importance biaryl in the pharmaceutical arena. > The use of auxiliary substances (e.g., solvents, separation agents, etc.) should be made unnecessary wherever possible and innocuous when used. Yes, by completing the reaction in pure water, no organic solvent is needed. > Energy requirements of chemical processes should be recognized for their environmental and economic impacts and should be minimized. If possible, synthetic methods should be conducted at ambient temperature and pressure. Yes, the choice to use a laboratory grade microwave is more efficient than a hot oil bath. > A raw material or feedstock should be renewable rather than depleting whenever technically and economically practicable. No, palladium is not renewable, however palladium on a carbon can be used up to 5 times as a catalyst. > Unnecessary derivatization (use of blocking groups, protection/ deprotection, temporary modification of physical/chemical processes) should be minimized or avoided if possible, because such steps require additional reagents and can generate waste. Yes, no purification other than recrystallization of the solid product is needed when the reaction is produced using water as the only solvent and palladium on carbon as the catalyst. > Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible) are superior to stoichiometric reagents. Yes, the traditional Pd(0) generated in situ from Pd(OAc)2 or PdCl2 is replaced by Pd on carbon, which is less expensive. > Chemical products should be designed so that at the end of their function they break down into innocuous degradation products and do not persist in the environment. No, the product 4-phenylphenol may cause long term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. > Analytical methodologies need to be further developed to allow for real-time, in-process monitoring and control prior to the formation of hazardous substances. Yes, the reaction time is limited to 30 minutes under reflux. > Substances and the form of a substance used in a chemical process should be chosen to minimize the potential for chemical accidents, including releases, explosions, and fires. Yes, water is non-flammable and has no toxicity issues, therefore reducing the risk of fires. Thanks for writing this and sharing what you learned with us.
 * 1) ** Prevention **
 * 1) ** Atom Economy **
 * 1) ** Less Hazardous Chemical Syntheses **
 * 1) ** Designing Safer Chemicals **
 * 1) ** Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries **
 * 1) ** Design for Energy Efficiency **
 * 1) ** Use of Renewable Feedstocks **
 * 1) ** Reduce Derivatives **
 * 1) ** Catalysis **
 * 1) ** Design for Degradation **
 * 1) ** Real-time analysis for Pollution Prevention **
 * 1) ** Inherently Safer Chemistry for Accident Prevention **